Alexander I, Ivan F. Kruzenshtern, Yuri F. Lisyansky, Nikolai P. Rezanov. Polycentrism of a successf - Страница 4
"References about the first Russian round-the-world travel had included a wrong tendency: to write about Yu.F. Lisyansky only as about I.F. Kruzenstern's companion.
However the provided data show that Lisyansky has fulfilled the most part of the floating independently.
Within 532 days of pure sea-floating the ships have passed more than 45 000 miles, and only 41,5% on time and 42,8% on number of miles fall on the part of a travel made by "Neva" together with "Hope", and independent floatings have taken significantly longer periods and distances: in percentage expression - according to 58,5% and 57,2%.
From 1095 days during which the historical journey continued the ships were in joint swimming only 375 days, "Neva" was in independent swimming 720 days that respectively makes 34,3% and 65,7%".
Thus, the commander of "Neva" actually made a voyage without Kruzenstern's guardianship and has made discovers and novations independently" [2].
So, an expedition as the project and as a certain organizational action, - one. And - two circumnavigations.
Plus embassy and scientific researches
The project wasn't limited to two round-the-world voyages. He also included the direction of embassy in Japan and carrying out during swimmings of scientific research.
"Also the Active State Councillor Nikolay Petrovich Rezanov has played also known role the organizations of a parcel of an expedition to the Russian North American colonies. Grigory Ivanovich Shelekhov was Rezanov's father-in-law and therefore Rezanov has been closely connected with the interests of the Russian colonies in North America. Rezanov was author of the petition for the highest name, filed in 1795, on the establishment of the Russian American Company. Rezanov was the representative of the Company in St. Petersburg for a number of years.
June 10, 1803 Rezanov was awarded the Order of St. Anne I degree, was granted the title of Chamberlain and was appointed envoy to Japan. At the same time, he received a rescript from Alexander I with detailed instructions on the exercise of his diplomatic powers in Japan. The purpose of the embassy was to obtain permission from the Japanese Emperor to trade Russian ships in the Japanese port of Nagasaki or to organize barter trade on the Island of Matsumae.
In the rescript addressed to Rezanov Alexander I wrote: "in Electing you to the feat, which promise the benefit to the Fatherland, both as the result of Future Japanese trade, and so in the discourse of formation American region, in which to you is entrusted the fates of the local inhabitants, I instructed the Chancellor to hand you a letter from me to the Japanese Emperor. I appointed Minister of Commerce to provide you with the proper instructions that are already approved me, in both subjects."
With the Ambassador it was decided to send rich gifts to the Japanese Emperor and his chief dignitaries and also to direct a row of goods to start trade operations.
At the insistence of count Rumyantsev, Alexander I allowed to send the Russian Ambassador to Japan on the same ships that were supposed to deliver the goods in the Russian North-American colonies. With the Embassy, it was decided to send a scientific expedition to explore the coasts of the Pacific ocean" [2].
"Chamberlain Rezanov, one of the active figures of the Russian-American Company, was appointed as envoy to Japan. The first Russian round-the-world expedition turned into an important political enterprise. However, its main task, as can be seen from the "Instruction given to the real Chamberlain Rezanov", remained "the trade of the Russian-American Company ". By using financial funds of Company were purchased and supplied the ships for the expedition - "Hope" and "Neva". (In connection with the dispatch of the diplomatic mission on board of the "Hope", this ship has been accepted into the state account, including also biennial keeping of his crew.)
Were not forgotten and scientific plans. In the first government documents, in which was considered the main object of the expedition, were formulated the tasks of the scientific study of the Russian possessions in America. and other places, and countries, are required to visit the ships. To do this, was planned to include in the expedition scientist, naturalist, botanist, and several students mineralogists.
From scientists, whose circle was actually much wider, were expected: detailed descriptions of the visited lands and collecting collections of geological breeds, metals, soils, minerals, plants, seeds, animals, fishes, corals, sinks, insects, etc.
Each "thing" has to be described and numbered. Very the importance was attached to ethnographic researches, including studying of a way of life, customs, religions, crafts, art, dwellings, weapon, clothes, etc. Painters of an expedition were recommended to deliver sketches of panoramas of the Russian settlements in America and of inhabitant's suits.
The next task was allocated to production of exact meteorological observations - behind the polar lights (auroras) and others "noteworthy" natural phenomenas.
Doctors were supposed not only to study the diseases and their treatments, but also to do their utmost "to providing suffering mankind". In addition, in the case of favourable circumstances, was supposed to study North West coast of America" [2].
(...)
4. "Whether not early to be the Cook, the young man?" "We don't accord with Cook ...". In a rank of Ferdinand Magellan, Juan Sebastian del Cano, Francis Drake and other circumnavigators.
"After discovery of America (Columbus, 1492) and a sea way to India (Vasco da Gama, 1498), the most important geographical event of an era of great opening is the first global cruise made by Fernand Magellan. (...) The global cruise, the second after Magellan, has been made by the English privateer Francis Drake (1577-80). (...) During the second half of 18 century there are 8 round-the-world floatings: the English expedition of John Byron (1764-66) - the first global cruise undertaken for the scientific purposes; Wallis and Carteret's English expedition (1766-69); considerable French geographical expedition of Bougainville (1766-69); three round-the-world swimmings of James Cook; tragically terminated Laperouse's swimming; expedition of Vancouver (1790-92). In the first half of the 19th century 6 Russians of round-the-world expeditions are equipped: Kruzenstern (1803-06) ..." [12].
"We don't accord with Cook ..." [8].
"The round-the-world expedition made a lot of noise at first," - Chichagov wrote the envoy in London to S.R. Vorontsov. - All the expeditions, ever made in the world till this moment, are presented in this one, without excluding also the Egyptian expedition of Bonaparte, which in comparison with this one is just children's game. Because that had with himself scientists, philosophers, and here one authorized Lisyansky and several pupils of one of our special schools replace with themselves all". S.R. Vorontsov answered in tone to the correspondent that visited him recently Lisyansky - no more as frivolous and excessively self-confident person. His name (certainly, as well as a name of Kruzenstern) won't be entered in one list with a name of Cook ..." [1].